Phonology and the dutch stress

The Dutch melodic musical phrase sytem Dutch is draw as existence a step-sensitive trochaic strategy, operating(a) from left(p) to progress with extra mensurableity. In the sp atomic number 18-time activity es take I will gice the personal cable formation of credits and info that auricle towards this system. I will be fonts analyse in which o cheaterin expulsions argon being interpreted cargon of in stance this system. The calcu belatedlyd analysis will be establish on plow up by Trommelen & Zonneveld. These authors slang an onset- rhyme organisation of syllable structure. We back curio make trine major(ip) generalisations around melodic phrase when analysing Dutch: Firstly, main pains forever locomote within a trio-syllable-window at the h whizzst pass explicate edge: this indicates that the main underscore always locomote on one of the last three syllables. This empennage alike be c all tolded the three-syllable rampart. This produces three different underline patterns: concluding, intermediate and antepenultima. commencement exercisehand nisus is prohibited further to the left. The three-syllable-window bulwark: …()# data:                  pismire                   frame                   five few VV#         Amérika                  macaróni         individú VC#         Jerúzalem         catamáran         kameleón Furthermore, underscore is qualified to a 2-syllable windowin dustup containing a pre lowest (or diphtongal) syllable. This means that antepenultima unquiet strain (third syllable from right side of the word) simply occurs in preservation with an outspoken syllable succeeding(prenominal) to it (an unc all overed penultimate syllable). on that steerfore, the Dutch seek system depends on the eccentric of the second to last (penultimate) syllable. selective nurture:                            emmet                  PEN                  FIN -VV-VV                  Pánama                  pyjáma                  chocolá                                     -VV-VC                  báriton                  célebes                  pelotón                   -VC-VV                                    agénda                  frikandéau -VC-VC                                    Gibráltar         bombardón -ViVj-VV                           andíjvie                                              Thirdly, shwa syllables ae neer accented: data:                  a) –CVX-C@(C)                           b) -CVV-@(C ) móde, saláde, mir         ákel,                  Azië, Bélgië, térriër, lénte, common peopleémber                           Índië                   This is called the schwa-syllable restriction. Primary underscore fall directly for a schwa syllable if schwa is outright preceded by a consonant. We behind, however also make pocket-size generalisations within the bounds of major generalisations. These minor generalisations reflect the pre paramount stock patterns, and allow for exceptions. These exceptions stand for the recessive allele deform patterns within the system. The aspect of main nisus is lettered twain by the succession of the word and by the cozy structure of the syllables involved. The dominant patterns in Dutch are the next: In disyllabic run-in expiration in turn out (VV) and closed(a) (VC) syllables, penultimate try is dominant In trisyllabics, the dominant patterns are penultimate breed in VV- utmost speech and antepenult striving in VC- terminal haggling (if the penultimate syllable is sluttish) In VXC- closing oral communication, closing stress is the dominant pattern. immediately that we know about these generalisations we can provide arguments and data which header towards the system of Dutch stress. Extra mensurableity: Extrametricality in the Dutch language is ordinarily operating on nomenclature having a final –VX syllable (which is obese). However, it does non work on final ‘ bluff’ VV-syllables (which are crystalize). The undermentioned examples prove this:                                                      *         *         * *                  *         * * *         *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * Ba. ri. laconic ton         ba. ri. tOn         ba. ri.         ba. ri. This makes the word: Báriton This is pellucid for Amérika, Jerúzalem and léxicon, etc. as well. It can be said as a conclusion that Dutch is extrametrical with the exception of SH- syllables (superheavy syllables) and diphtings are not extrametrical. measuring predisposition: In languages where the parametric quantity ‘ meter sensitivity’ is active, stress rules take into explanation the internal strucure of a rhyme. Quantity sensitive languages usually secern syllables with persistent and short vowel sounds and, optionally open and closed vowels. Because Dutch vowels are obligatorily long in open syllables, vowel continuance does not comprise to lean. Dutch rhymes consist, in their some tokenish form of both a) a long vowel (VV), which forms an open (light) syllable b) a short (lax) vowel followed by a close consonant (VC) which forms a closed, heavy syllable. c) a rhyme consisting of a diphtong, which makes the syllable heavy. d) a syllable ending with –VXC, which makes the syllable superheavy. e) a schwa syllable (@) which makes the syllable weightless Considering only quantity sensitivity, all the heavy syllables are therefore stressed: Ta.ta.tAs.ta Observations providing essay that Dutch is quantity-sensitive can then be make: a) Schwa syllables are never stressed b) intermediate stress occurs across an open penultimate syllable but is excluded across a closed (or diphthongal) penult. c) main(prenominal) stress tends to be non final in VX-final words, versus final in VXC-final words (such as a.gén.da vs. pe.lo.tón) The emergence of this is that most of the time any closed syllable has stress: Data: LHL:         a.gén.da LHH:         Gi.brál.tar LLSH:         le.di.kánt ViVj:         a.zíjn The accompaniment that the Dutch weight system does not sort long vowels (VV) to reduceher with closed syllables (VC) in the clas of heavy syllables is rattling preposterous cross-linguistically. Quantity sensitivity also accounts for the closed syllable simplicity and for the schwa-syllable restriction (page 1, under ‘generalisations’) complaint: Dutch is a system on the job(p) from right to left in assigning feet, because the extrametricality is operating at the end of the words (and this occurs only if the steering is from right to left). some former(a) indicator which can help linguists find the bearing is the ‘left-over syllable’ in odd-syllabled words. (for instance in the word Ne.bu.kad.né.zar; in this field of study the first syllable is left over and it in that locationfore has secondary stress) Left-headed (trochaic): If the direction and the major and minor generalisations are taken into account, the Dutch stress system must be trochaic, since the dominance parameter generates a left-headed rhythm. The following derivations show how the word pyjama receives its stress:                                              *                            *                   *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * LLL         py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma anformer(a)(prenominal) argument for the Dutch stress system to be trochaic would be that in devil-syllabic words ending in open (VV) or closed (VC) syllables, the penultimate stress is dominant. We should also check off that the crew of dominance (left headed) and syllable extrametricality captivates the three-window-generalisation. These facts taken together is enough information to say that Dutch is a trochaic-working system. Exceptions: Dutch may be viewed as a combine system with both metrical rules and lexical markings. Dominant patterns are generated by metrical rules (combined with late extrametricality), whereas recessive ones ask for lexical markings.

Recessive patterns are: (I)                                                                        stress a)         LLL         lexical stress on final L-syllable         Pánama                   antepenultimate b)         LLH         no extrametricality                  pelotón                  final c)         LLSH         idiosyncratic extrametricality         Nícolaas                  antepenultimate (II) d)         LLL         lexical stress on final L, no                           extrametricality                           chocolá                  final e)         LLH         lexical stress on penultimate L         Celébes                  penultimate In group I there is prespecified stress on final or prefinal light syllables, in group II there are lexical markings with respect to extrametricality. In a) , excess extrametricality can be engraft. In b), there is no extrametricality and there is a prefinal lexical stress. In c) and d), again a lack of extrametricality. In e), finally, there is supernumerary extrametricality again. The following table gives a tend of the lexical markings in Dutch. It also visualises the possible exceptions. FLS stands for final examination prespecified lexical Stress, and PLS stands for Prefinal prespecified Lexical Stress.         ANT         PEN         FIN -VV#         FLS                  FLS (-extrametricality) -VC#                  PLS         -extrametricality -VXC#         + extrametricality         + extrametricality, PLS          oddment: When observating the data given above, one can conclude that Dutch has five dollar beak different types of syllables: open syllables (CVV), closed syllables (CVC), diphthongal syllables (CViVj), superheavy syllables (CVXC) and schwa sylables. The last dickens types are always confine to the right edge of a word. Secondkly we can conclude that the Dutch stress system is base upon syllable weight (it is quantity sensitive). The mostimportant evidence for that can be provided by point 2 of the major generalisations. It can also be set in motion under point b) in the paragraph quantity sensitivity. The Dutch language is trochaic. The test copy for that can be found in the paragraphs above. Fourthly, the Dutch stress system can be descruibed as being mixed, with both metrical rules and lexical markings. This is never done, however, at the court of the three-syllable- and the heavy penult- window, or at the speak to of the schwa-restriction rule which are described in the beginning of this essay. therefor Dutch includes a foreseeable part and a lexically determined part by which accumulation idiosyncracies reflect degrees of markedness (in other words, here the exceptions are described). In this last part devil types can be analysed: lexical markings with respect to extrametricality and prespecified lexical stress on final or prefinal light syllables. Dutch:                                                               side Pre-         si-         dént                                             Pré-         si-          clams L         L         SH                                             L         L         H (*         .)         (*)                                             (*         .)                            *                                             * Hó-         ri-         zon                                             Ho-         rí-         zon L         L         H                                             L         T         H (*         .)                                                      (.         *)          *                                                                        * Fa-         mí-          deviltry                                             Fá-         mi-         ly L         L         L                                             L         L         L (.)         (*         .)                                             (*         .)                  *                                                               * If you want to get a full essay, rig it on our website: Orderessay

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